Feff <author>John Rehr, <tt/jjr@phys.washington.edu/ <date>version 7.00, 15 August, 1996 <abstract> Ab initio Multiple-Scattering X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Code Copyright 1992,1993,1994,1996, FEFF Project, Department of Physics, BOX 351560, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1560 </abstract> <toc> <sect>Synopsis -- PLEASE READ THIS ENTIRE SECTION FEFF7 calculates wave phase shifts, effective scattering amplitudes and single and multiple scattering curved XAFS and XANES spectra, including polarization dependence, for clusters of atoms (Z < 96). The calculation is automated and done sequentially in four steps: <enum> <item> The scattering potentials, phase shifts, dipole matrix elements and absolute energies are calculated (module <bf/POTPH/, potentials and phases) <item> The scattering paths for the cluster are enumerated. (module <bf/PATHS/) <item> The effective scattering amplitudes and other XAFS parameters are calculated for each scattering path. (module <bf/GENFMT/, general-path F-matrix calculation) <item> The XAFS parameters from one or more paths are combined to calculate a total XAFS spectrum. (module <bf/FF2CHI/, scattering amplitude to chi, feff is the effective curved wave scattering amplitude) </enum> For details on use of the code, examples and suggestions on calculation strategies, see sections 2, 3 and 4. For details about the algorithms used see the discussion on the appropriate module in section 2 and, for more detail, the published references in Appendix C. FEFF is written in ANSI FORTRAN 77, with the non-standard extension of double precision complex (complex*16) variables. It requires about 3 megabytes of available memory to run. See Appendix B for complete installation instructions. FEFF7 is copyright protected software and users must obtain a license from the University of Washington Office of Technology Transfer for its use. See Appendix A for complete copyright notice. Please cite FEFF if the code or its results are used in published work. See Appendix C for a list of appropriate citations. The main authors of FEFF7 are: <descrip> <tag/ A. L. Ankudinov / University of Washington, <htmlurl url="mailto:alex@phys.washington.edu" name="alex@phys.washington.edu"> - (206) 543-3904 <tag/ S. I. Zabinsky / Microsoft Corporation, <htmlurl url="mailto:stevez@microsoft.com" name="stevez@microsoft.com"> - (206) 936-2768 <tag/ J. J. Rehr / University of Washington, <htmlurl url="mailto:jjr@phys.washington.edu" name="jjr@phys.washington.edu"> - (206) 543-8593 <tag/ R. C. Albers / Los Alamos National Laboratory, <htmlurl url="mailto:rca@lanl.gov" name="rca@lanl.gov"> - (505) 665-0417 </descrip> Please contact us concerning any problems with the code; see Appendix G for trouble-shooting hints and problem/bug reports. Part of the original FEFF3 code was developed in collaboration with J. Mustre de Leon and is still part of FEFF5, FEFF6 and FEFF7. Input/output of FEFF7 was substantially improved by S. I. Zabinsky. The authors thank the users of the experimental versions of these codes and especially M. Newville and B. Ravel for comments and suggestions. <sect>Conceptual description This section describes the various modules and outlines the use of the code. <sect1>Scattering potential and phase shift code, POTPH The potentials of each atomic type are calculated as if the atoms were isolated in space using a relativistic Dirac-Fock Desclaux atom code. The scattering potentials are calculated by overlapping the free atom densities within the muffin tin approximation (Mattheiss prescription), and including the Hedin-Lundqvist/Quinn self energy for excited states. Muffin-tin radii are determined automatically from calculated Norman radii and scattering phase shifts are determined by matching at the muffin tin radius. XAFS spectra are referenced to the threshold Fermi level, which is estimated by electron gas theory at the mean interstitial density. Atomic configurations and core-hole lifetimes are built in, and mean free paths are determined from the imaginary part of the average interstitial potential. Dipole matrix elements are calculated using atomic core and normalized continuum wavefunctions. An absolute energy scale is obtained by a Desclaux-atom calculation of the total energy of the system with and without the core-hole. Polarization dependence is optionally incorporated in the dipole-operator. The free atomic potentials need as input only the atomic number of the atoms, and, for the absorbing atom, the type of the core hole being considered. To do the overlapping for the unique potentials, the neighboring atoms must be identified, either by position (from a list of the cartesian coordinates of each atom) or by explicit overlapping instructions. To save time the code calculates the overlapped atom potential for each unique potential only once, using as a sample geometry the atom with the unique potential index that is closest to the absorbing atom. Thus it is essential that the neighborhood of that sample atom be correct. <sect1>Path enumeration, PATHS The code uses a constructive algorithm with several path importance filters to explore all significant multiple-scattering paths in order of increasing path length, based on a list of atomic coordinates. An efficient degeneracy checker is used to identify equivalent paths (based on similar geometry, path reversal symmetry, and space inversion symmetry). To avoid roundoff errors, the degeneracy checker is conservative, very occasionally thinking that two degenerate paths are not degenerate. These errors occur in the third or fourth decimal place (less than 0.001 Ang) and fail safe, that is, no paths will be lost. The criteria used in filtering are based on increasingly accurate estimates of each path's amplitude. The earliest filters, the pathfinder heap and keep filters, are applied as the paths are being created. A plane wave filter based on the plane wave approximation (plus a curved wave correction for multiple-scattering paths) and accurate to about 30% is applied after the paths have been enumerated and sorted. Finally, and accurate curved wave filter is applied to all remaining paths. <sect1>Scattering amplitude and other XAFS parameter calculation, GENFMT For each path the code calculates the effective scattering amplitude (|f_eff| from which FEFF gets its name; see 6.11), total scattering phase shift and other XAFS parameters using the scattering matrix algorithm of Rehr and Albers. Once the scattering phase shifts and the paths are determined, no other input is necessary for this calculation. <sect1>XAFS spectrum calculation, FF2CHI The code ff2chi constructs the XAFS spectrum chi(k) (See 6.11) using the XAFS parameters from one or more paths. Single and multiple scattering Debye-Waller factors are calculated using a correlated Debye model. Output from this module is the total XAFS spectrum and optionally, the contribution to the XAFS from each path individually. Numerous options for filtering, Debye-Waller factors, and other corrections are available at this point. See descriptions of input cards below. <sect1>Calculation Strategy The scattering phase shifts for each unique potential are necessary for both PATHS and GENFMT. They are used for the importance filters in PATHS and are the basis of the XAFS parameters calculation in GENFMT. This part of the calculation can be slow, so it is usually best to run it only once and use the results while studying the paths and XAFS. To study the necessary paths, the pathfinder module PATHS will need the atomic positions of any atoms from which scattering is expected. If the structure is completely unknown, single-scattering paths can be created explicitly. Because the number of possible paths increases exponentially with total path length, start with a short total path length, study the few paths (representing scattering from the nearest neighbors), and gradually increase the total path length, possibly studying the path importance coefficients and using the filters to limit the number of paths. This process is not automated, and if done carelessly can yield so many paths that no analysis will be possible. Finally, use GENFMT to calculate the XAFS parameters, and FF2CHI to assemble the results into a chi curve. Here, the slow part is GENFMT and FF2CHI is very fast. Therefore, to explore parameters such as Debye-Waller factors, mean free path and energy zero shifts, various combinations of paths and coordination numbers, run only module FF2CHI using the results saved from GENFMT. There are three ways to modify the Debye-Waller factor, all of which affect only the module FF2CHI. The DEBYE card uses the correlated Debye model to calculate a Debye-Waller factor for each path. The SIG2 card adds a constant Debye-Waller factor to each path. And you can edit list.dat to add a particular Debye-Waller factor to a particular path. These three Debye-Waller factors are summed, so if the DEBYE and SIG2 cards are present, and if you have added a Debye-Waller factor to a particular path, the Debye- Waller factor used will be the sum of all three. See documentation below for details. If your model changes significantly, the phase shifts (which are based in part on the structure of the material) will have to be recalculated. Any time the phase shifts change, the XAFS parameters will have to be re-calculated. If the path filters have been used, the path list will also have to be recomputed. <sect>Program and file structure This section describes the files and data used by the various modules. The main program FEFF reads one file created directly by the user, the file feff.inp; it is line oriented with a KEYWORD followed by data in free format. Case is not significant; ABCDE is equivalent to abcde or AbcDe. Tab characters are treated as if they were blanks. The routine that reads the input assumes that your machine uses the ASCII character set. Comments may be added at the end of any line after any required data, and spaces between lines are ignored. Any line beginning with an asterisk (*) is a comment and is ignored. An auxiliary program (ATOMS) is provided which generates the feff.inp file from crystallographic input parameters. Other files required by the various modules are created by FEFF from feff.inp. Some of these other files may be edited by the user as a way to modify the input data to the modules, see section 5. See the PRINT card in section 4 to obtain various diagnostic files. Table 3.1 summarizes this structure, the rest of this section describes the structure in more detail. <sect1>Table 3.1 <tscreen><verb> module input files output files other useful output ------ ----------- ------------ ------------------- POTPH feff.inp phase.bin diagnostic files potph.inp xsect.bin (see PRINT card) rkk.bin PATHS feff.inp paths.dat crit.dat phase.bin geom.dat GENFMT feff.inp feff.bin phase.bin list.dat paths.dat rkk.bin FF2CHI feff.inp chi.dat chipNNNN.dat list.dat xmu.dat feffNNNN.dat feff.bin xsect.bin ----------------------------------------------------------- Note that geom.dat is written when feff.inp is read. If you are using a hand-made geom.dat (possibly to take advantage of some symmetry), use the NOGEOM card to prevent your geom.dat from being overwritten. </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Scattering potential and phase shift code, POTPH Reads potph.inp, which is created by FEFF's input routine from feff.inp. potph.inp is deleted by FEFF after use. POTPH writes the binary file phase.bin, which contains the scattering phase shifts and other information needed by PATHS and GENFMT. Also, POTPH prints binary file rkk.bin, which contains dipole matrix elements, normalized to cross-section data in xsect.bin. The last file is written only if XANES card is used. Optionally, POTPH will write other diagnostic files with information about the potentials and phase shift calculations. <sect1>Path enumeration, PATHS Reads geom.dat, which is created by FEFF from the information in feff.inp, and phase.bin. geom.dat is deleted after use unless explicitly saved (see PRINT card). PATHS writes paths.dat for use by GENFMT and as a complete description of each path for use of the user. PATHS will optionally write other diagnostic files. The file crit.dat is particularly useful when studying large numbers of paths. When studying large numbers of paths, this module will optionally write only crit.dat and save geom.dat, not writing paths.dat. <sect1>Scattering amplitude and other XAFS parameter calculation, GENFMT GENFMT reads phase.bin, rkk.bin and paths.dat, and writes a file feff.bin which contains all the EXAFS information for the paths, and list.dat which tells you some basic information about them. These files are the main output of FEFF. To read feff.bin into your own program, use the subroutine feffdt as an example. For compatibility with older versions, the program can read feff.bin and write the feffnnnn.dat files and files.dat in module ff2chi, if appropriate PRINT option was specified. They are exactly like the old ones. <sect1>XAFS spectrum calculation, FF2CHI FF2CHI reads list.dat and feff.bin, and writes chi.dat with the total XAFS from the paths specified in list.dat Additional instructions are passed to FF2CHI from feff.inp, so you can change S02, Debye temperature and some other parameters without re-doing the whole calculation. The file list.dat can be edited by hand to change the paths being considered, and individual chipNNNN.dat files with chi from each path are optionally written. If the XANES card is specified and xsect.bin exists, FF2CHI will write the XANES data in xmu.dat. Various filtering options and corrections are possible at this point -- see input cards below. There is an internal limit on the number of paths (set to 1000) that will be read from feff.bin. This limit was chosen to handle any reasonable problem without using an excessive amount of memory. If you must use more paths, change the parameter "npx" is subroutine ff2chi to whatever you need. It will need more memory. We have not had a case where the filter criteria were not able to solve the problem with fewer than 1000 paths. <sect> Input file and FEFF commands The main program FEFF reads one file created directly by the user, the file feff.inp. This section describes feff.inp and the commands that tell FEFF what to do. It may be helpful to look at one or more of the sample input files in Appendix D while reading this section. An auxiliary program ATOMS can generate the feff.inp file. See the ATOMS card and the document for ATOMS for additional details. The input file for FEFF7 is identical to FEFF5, except that additional options have been added to permit XANES calculations, add polarization dependence and test new self energy model. <sect1>File format feff.inp is a free format line oriented file. Blank lines and lines beginning with an asterisk (comment lines) are ignored wherever the occur. End of line comments are also ignored. Each type of input read by the program must contain a card with a &dquot;keyword&dquot in CAPITAL LETTERS, and in some cases, followed by data cards. The sequence of keyword cards is arbitrary. If any card is omitted, default values are used; an exception is the POTENTIALS card, which is required. Numeric values are listed in free format, separated by blanks. Tab characters are not allowed (due to portability constraints) and may cause confusing error messages. Characters appearing after the expected data on a given line are ignored by feff and can be used as end-of-line comments. All distances are in Angstroms and energies in eV. <sect1>Complete list of feff.inp keywords The list of feff.inp options fall into four categories, standard options frequently and easily used, useful options that are often used, special options that are seldom necessary or helpful, and obscure options used during development that are included for completeness. <descrip> <tag/ The standard data types are / <htmlurl url="#ato" name="ATOMS">, <htmlurl url="#con" name="CONTROL">, <htmlurl url="#deb" name="DEBYE">, <htmlurl url="#edg" name="EDGE">, <htmlurl url="#hol" name="HOLE">, <htmlurl url="#pot" name="POTENTIALS">, <htmlurl url="#pri" name="PRINT">, <htmlurl url="#sig" name="SIG2">, <htmlurl url="#tit" name="TITLE"> <tag/ Useful options include / <htmlurl url="#cor" name="CORRECTIONS">, <htmlurl url="#cri" name="CRITERIA">, <htmlurl url="#cus" name="CUSTOMCRITERIA">, <htmlurl url="#ell" name="ELLIPTICITY">, <htmlurl url="#end" name="END">, <htmlurl url="#nem" name="NEMAX">, <htmlurl url="#nle" name="NLEG">, <htmlurl url="#nog" name="NOGEOM">, <htmlurl url="#nst" name="NSTAR">, <htmlurl url="#pcr" name="PCRITERIA">, <htmlurl url="#pol" name="POLARIZATION">, <htmlurl url="#rma" name="RMAX">, <htmlurl url="#rmu" name="RMULTIPLIER">, <htmlurl url="#ss" name="SS">, <htmlurl url="#xan" name="XANES">, <tag/ Special data types/ are recommended only for advanced users, awkward situations or diagnostic purposes: <htmlurl url="#afo" name="AFOLP">, <htmlurl url="#fol" name="FOLP">, <htmlurl url="#exc" name="EXCHANGE">, <htmlurl url="#ion" name="ION">, <htmlurl url="#ove" name="OVERLAP">, <htmlurl url="#rgr" name="RGRID">. <htmlurl url="#rph" name="RPHASES">, <htmlurl url="#sg3" name="SIG3">, <tag/ And some are so obscure/ that we considered not mentioning them. <htmlurl url="#ior" name="IORDER">, <htmlurl url="#jum" name="JUMPRM">, <htmlurl url="#mbc" name="MBCONV">, <htmlurl url="#noh" name="NOHOLE">, </descrip> These data types are listed below, alphabetically within each category. Each DATATYPE is followed by a brief explanation and an example. <sect2>Basic data types <sect3><bf/ATOMS/ <label id="ato"> Cartesian coordinates and unique potential indices of each atom (in Angstroms) in the cluster are entered following the ATOMS card, one per line. Please see the discussion of unique potentials in section <htmlurl url="#pot" name="POTENTIALS">. An auxilliary code ATOMS written by B. Ravel (U. Washington) is supplied with FEFF 7 to generate the ATOMS list from given crystallographic data. See the document file to ATOMS for more information. <tscreen><verb> ATOMS * x y z ipot SF6 molecule 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 S K-shell hole 3.61 0.00 0.00 1 F 1st shell atoms 0.00 3.61 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 3.61 1 -3.61 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 -3.61 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 -3.61 1 </verb></tscreen> <sect3><bf/CONTROL/ <label id="con"> potph paths genfmt ff2chi The CONTROL card lets you run one or more of the modules separately. There is a switch for each module, 0 meaning do not run that module, 1 meaning do run it. The default is CONTROL 1 1 1 1, run all modules. <tscreen><verb> * run genfmt and ff2chi, do not run potph or paths CONTROL 0 0 1 1 potph paths genfmt ff2chi </verb></tscreen> <label id="deb"><sect3><bf/DEBYE/ temperature Debye-temperature The Debye card is used to calculate Debye-Waller factors for each path using the correlated Debye Model. The model is best suited for homogeneous systems, where it is quite accurate. CAUTION: in heterogeneous systems the model only gives approximate values which can easily be off by factors of two or more. Temperatures are in K. If this card is present, the correlated Debye model Debye-Waller factors will be summed with the DW factors from the SIG2 card and from list.dat, if any. <tscreen><verb> DEBYE 190 315 Calculate Debye-Waller factors for Cu at 190K </verb></tscreen> <label id="edg"><sect3><bf/EDGE/ label S0**2 The EDGE card is identical to HOLE card, but you don't have to worry about the ihole variable. Simply use the hole label: NO = no hole, K = K-shell, L1 = L1, L2 = L2, etc.. All comments for HOLE card are valid for EDGE card. <tscreen><verb> EDGE L1 1.0 L1-shell core hole, S02 = 1 </verb></tscreen> <label id="hol"><sect3><bf/HOLE/ ihole S0**2 The HOLE card includes the hole-code ihole and the amplitude reduction factor S0**2. If an entry for S0**2 is less than 0.1, then the value of S0**2 is estimated from atomic overlap integrals. To match experiment, values of s02 are typically between 0.8 and 1.0. Defaults if HOLE card is omitted: ihole=1 (K shell), S02=1. Hole-codes presently available are as follows (if your favorite is missing, please, do not complain to the authors): 0 = no hole, 1 = K-shell, 2 = L1, 3 = L2, 4 = L3, 5 = M1, 6 = M2, 7 = M3, 8 = M4, 9 = M5, 10 = N1, 11 = N2, 12 = N3, 13 = N4, 14 = N5, 15 = N6, 16 = N7, 17 = O1, 18 = O2, 19 = O3, 20 = O4, 21 = O5, 22 = O6, 23 = O7, 24 = P1, 25 = P2, 26 = P3. Our code is designed to calculate absorption from completely filled shells. You can try to simulate absorption from valence electrons with our code, however you may get unreliable results. If you really want that, contact the authors. If ihole \gt 4 then core-hole lifetime parameter (gamach) is not tabulated in FEFF and set equal to 0.1 eV. Use <htmlurl url="#exc" name="EXCHANGE"> card to make adjustments ( gamach = 0.1 + 2 * vi0 ). <tscreen><verb> HOLE 1 1.0 K-shell core hole, S02 = 1 </verb></tscreen> <label id="pot"><sect3><bf/POTENTIALS/ The data following the POTENTIALS card assigns a unique potential index to each distinguishable atom. The potential index ipot is the index of the potential to be used for the phase shift calculation. The keyword POTENTIALS begins a unique potential list. Each following line (until the next keyword card) is a unique potential index, the atomic number and optional tag (max 6 characters) for that unique potential. The absorbing atom must be unique potential 0. These unique potential indices are simply labels, so the order is not important, except that the absorbing atom is ipot 0, and you may not have missing indices (ie, if you use ipot 3, you must also have defined unique potentials 1 and 2). To save time the code calculates the overlapped atom potential for each unique potential only once, using as a sample geometry the first atom in the atom list with a given unique potential index. Thus it is essential that the neighborhood of that sample atom be representative. Failure to do so may cause the code to perform poorly (See Appendix G). Because the phase shift calculation is the most time-consuming part of FEFF, it may be useful to assume that the potential for a given shell of atoms is the same as that of a previously calculated shell. For example, in Cu it is a good approximation to determine potentials only for the central atom and the first shell and to use the first shell potential (ipot=1) for all higher shells. Such approximations should be checked in each case. <tscreen><verb> * molecular SF6 POTENTIALS * potential-index Z tag 0 16 S Sulfur K hole, absorbing atom 1 9 F </verb></tscreen> <label id="pri"><sect3><bf/PRINT/ potph paths genfmt ff2chi The PRINT card determines how much output is printed from each of the four modules. Default is print level 0 for each module. See section 6 for details of contents of these files. <descrip> <tag/ <tt/potph/ / 0 = phase.bin, rkk.bin, xsect.bin only; 1 = add misc.dat; 2 = add pot.dat, phase.dat, phmin.dat; 5 = add atom.dat <tag/ <tt/paths/ / 0 = paths.dat only; 1 = add crit.dat; 2 = add geom.dat; 3 = add f(beta) files (plane wave |f(beta)| approximations); 5 = Write only crit.dat and save geom.dat. This is very useful when exploring importance of paths for large runs. Does not write paths.dat. <tag/ <tt/genfmt/ / 0 = list.dat, all paths with importance greater than or equal to two thirds of the curved wave importance criterion written to feff.bin 1 = keep paths written to feff.bin <tag/ <tt/ff2chi/ / 0 = chi.dat; 1 = add sig2.dat with Debye-Waller factors; 2 = add chiNNNN.dat (chi from each path individually) This can quickly fill up your disk if you're doing a large run. 3 = add feffNNNN.dat (input files for FEFFIT program), and do not add chiNNNN.dat files. 4 = add both feffNNNN.dat and chiNNNN.dat files. </descrip> <tscreen><verb> * add crit.dat and small feffNNNN.dat files to minimum output PRINT 0 1 1 0 </verb></tscreen> <label id="sig"><sect3><bf/SIG2/ SIG2 sig2 Global Debye-Waller factor to be used for all paths. This value will be summed with the correlated Debye model value (if the DEBYE card is present) and any value added to list.dat. Units are Angstroms**2. <label id="tit"><sect3><bf/TITLE/ title line... Keyword TITLE followed by a title line. You may have up to 10 of these. Titles may have up to 75 characters, leading blanks in the titles will be removed. <tscreen><verb> TITLE Andradite (Novak and Gibbs, Am.Mineral 56,791 1971) TITLE K-shell 300K </verb></tscreen> <sect2>Useful Options <label id="cor"><sect3><bf/CORRECTIONS/ real-energy-shift imaginary-energy-shift The real energy shift will shift E0 in the final chi and the imaginary energy shift adds broadening to the result. The energy shift is useful to correct for the error in FEFF's fermi level, which is typically too high by about 3 eV, and the the broadening is typically used to correct for instrument broadening, or as a correction to the mean free path calculated by FEFF. This affects only the module FF2CHI, which combines the results in all of the feff.dat files. It is useful because you can simply make these energy corrections and see the results without redoing the entire XAFS parameter calculation. Both energies are in eV. (See also the EXCHANGE card.) <tscreen><verb> * Reduce E0 by 3.0 eV and add 1 eV of broadening * This will only affect module 4, ff2chi CORRECTIONS 3.0 1.0 real shift, imag shift </verb></tscreen> <label id="cri"><sect3><bf/CRITERIA/ critcw critpw Since the number of multiple scattering paths gets large very quickly, it is necessary to eliminate as many paths as possible. Fortunately, we have found that most multiple scattering paths have small amplitudes and can be neglected. Various cutoff "criteria" are used in FEFF7 to limit the number of paths to consider. These criteria are based on the importance of the path, defined as the integral over the full energy range of |chi(k)|*dk. critcw is the result of the full curved wave calculation. A calculation of critcw requires a complete spherical wave calculation, which takes about 10 seconds on a SUN4. The default value of critcw is 4%, meaning that any path with mean amplitude exceeding 4% of largest path will be used in calculation of chi. The criterion critcw is used by GENFMT; since the XAFS parameter calculation is already done, the savings is not in computer time, but in disk space and ease of analysis. The values of critcw for each path are written in the file list.dat written by module GENFMT. critpw is a plane-wave approximation to chi. This is extremely fast to calculate, and is used in the pathfinder. The default value of critpw is 2.5, meaning that any path with mean amplitude 2.5% of largest path, including degeneracy factors, (in plane wave approximation) will be kept. Any path that does not meet this criterion will not be written to paths.dat, and there is no need to calculate the XAFS parameters for this path. The default for critpw is less than that for critcw since some paths are more important when the full curved wave calculation is done than they appear in the plane wave approximation. Since the plane wave estimate is extremely fast, use this to filter out as many paths as you can. The file crit.dat (written by the module PATHS) tells you critpw for each path that passes the criterion. The method of calculation of these importance factors has been improved for the current release, so don't worry if the values for some paths has changed slightly from previous versions. (Default values critcw=4.% critpw=2.5%) <tscreen><verb> CRITERIA 6.0 3.0 critcw 6%, critpw 3% CRITERIA 0 0 use all paths (cw and pw criteria turned off) </verb></tscreen> <label id="cus"><sect3><bf/CUSTOMCRITERIA/ zzcrit zzkmin zzkmax This is exactly like the curved wave criteria and affects only module FF2CHI, which assembles the final chi. You can specify kmin and kmax for the range over which the importance factors are considered. This is particularly useful for near-edge studies. <tscreen><verb> CUSTOMCRITERIA 15.0 0.5 1.5 use paths with importance at least 15% of the biggest path, using the k range from 0.5 to 1.5 invA to calculate the importance factors. </verb></tscreen> <label id="ell"><sect3><bf/ELLIPTICITY/ ellipticity x y z Ellipticity is the ratio of amplitudes of electric field in two orthogonal directions for elliptically polarized light. Only the absolute value of the ratio is important for nonmagnetic materials. The present code cannot distinguish left and right circular polarization. A zero value of the ellipticity corresponds to linear polarization, and unity to circular polarization. Default value is zero. x, y, z are coordinates of any nonzero vector in the direction of incident beam. This vector should be approximately normal to the polarization vector. <tscreen><verb> ELLIPTICITY 1.0 0.0 0.0 -2.0 for circular polarization about z-axis </verb></tscreen> <label id="end"><sect3><bf/END/ The END card marks the end of reading the feff.inp file; all data following the END card is ignored. This is optional, but useful when making short runs with only part of an input file. <tscreen><verb> END ignore any cards in feff.inp that follow this </verb></tscreen> <label id="nem"><sect3><bf/NEMAX/ nemax This limits the number of energy points. NEMAX is normally 49, which will get you to k=20 invA. Smaller values will avoid the high energy parts of the calculation and may save you some time. This parameter is used when the scattering phase shifts are calculated, so once you have limited the number of energy points, that's what you will get for the rest of the calculations you do (based on the phase shifts). To change the number of energy points, re-run the phase shift calculation. <tscreen><verb> * use only first 40 energy grid points NEMAX 40 </verb></tscreen> <label id="nle"><sect3><bf/NLEG/ nleg The NLEG card limits the number of scattering paths to nleg. If nleg is set to 2, only single scattering paths are found. The default is nleg = 8. <tscreen><verb> NLEG 2 find only single scattering paths (ie, 2 legged paths) </verb></tscreen> <label id="nog"><sect3><bf/NOGEOM/ When this card is present, the file geom.dat will not be produced. Use this option when you want to take advantage of the symmetry in a cluster to speed the path calculation by using the geom.dat file produced by the auxilliary code ATOM rather than letting feff produce geom.dat from the atom list in feff.inp. CAUTION: do not use this option with POLARIZATION card, since you will have to redo geom.dat yourself for every polarization direction and cannot use ATOM to do that. <label id="nst"><sect3><bf/NSTAR/ When this card is present, GENFMT (module 3) will write the file nstar.dat with the effective coordination number n* for each path. <label id="pcr"><sect3><bf/PCRITERIA/ keep-criterion heap-criterion These criteria, like those described in the CRITERIA card, also limit the number of paths. However, they are applied in the pathfinder and eliminate unimportant paths while the pathfinder is doing its search. The pathfinder criteria (pcrit's) do not know the degeneracy of a path and are therefore much less reliable than the curved wave and plane wave criteria in the CRITERIA card above. These path finder criteria (keep and heap) are turned off by default, and we recommend that they be used only with very large runs, and then with caution. The keep-criterion looks at the amplitude of chi (in the plane wave approx) for the current path and compares it to a single scattering path of the same effective length. To set this value, consider the maximum degeneracy you expect and divide your plane wave criterion by this number. For example, in fcc Cu, typical degeneracies are 196 for paths with large r, and the minimum degeneracy is 6. So a keep criterion of 0.08% is appropriate for a pw criteria of 2.5%. The heap-criterion filters paths as the pathfinder puts all paths into a heap (a partially ordered data structure), then removes them in order of increasing total path length. Each path that is removed from the heap is modified and then considered again as part of the search algorithm. The heap filter is used to decide if a path has enough amplitude in it to be worth further consideration. If we can eliminate a path at this point, entire trees of derivative paths can be neglected, leading to enormous time savings. This test does not come into play until paths with at least 4 legs are being considered, so single scattering and triangular (2 and 3 legged) paths will always pass this test. Because only a small part of a path is used for this criterion, it is difficult to predict what appropriate values will be. To use this (it is only necessary if your heap is filling up, and if limiting rmax doesn't help), study the results in crit.dat from runs with shorter rmax and experiment with the heap criterion accordingly. In the future, we hope to improve this filter. Before using these criterion, study the output in the file crit.dat (use print option 1 for paths, see PRINT card), which has the values of critpw, keep factor and heap factor for all paths which pass the critpw filter. Default: If this card is omitted, the keep and heap criteria are set to zero, that is, no filtering will be done at this step in the calculation. <tscreen><verb> * fcc Cu had degeneracies from 6 to 196, so correct for this by * dividing pw-crit of 2.5% by 30 to get 0.08 for keep crit. Check this * empirically by running with pcrits turned off and studying crit.dat. * After studying crit.dat, choose 0.5 for heap crit. PCRITERIA 0.08 0.5 </verb></tscreen> <label id="pol"><sect3><bf/POLARIZATION/ x y z This card specifies the direction of electric field in the incident beam. (Main axis of the ellipse in the case of elliptical polarization). x, y, z - coordinates of any nonzero vector. Only this card is necessary in the case of linear polarization. If the POLARIZATION card is omitted, polarization averaged xafs will be calculated. Note that polarization reduces the degeneracy of the paths, increasing the calculation time. Choosing polarization in the directions of symmetry axes will yield faster results. <tscreen><verb> POLARIZATION 1.0 2.5 0.0 </verb></tscreen> <label id="rma"><sect3><bf/RMAX/ rmax The RMAX card determines the maximum effective distance, rmax, of a given path. Note that rmax is one-half of the total path length in multiple-scattering paths. Setting this too large can cause the heap in the pathfinder to fill up. Default is RMAX = 2.2 times the near neighbor distance. <tscreen> <verb> RMAX 5.10 only include paths with effective length up to 5.10 Ang </verb></tscreen> <label id="rmu"><sect3><bf/RMULTIPLIER/ rmult The use of the RMULTIPLIER card multiples all atomic coordinates by a constant factor, rmult. This is useful, for example, if unit cell coordinates are used. (Default value rmult=1.) <tscreen><verb> RMULTIPLIER 1.01 (increase distances by 1%) </verb></tscreen> <label id="ss"><sect3><bf/SS/ index ipot deg rss The SS card is used when the structure of a given shell is unknown. No multiple scattering is produced but a single scattering path of degeneracy deg is produced. Overlap cards may be used to construct the potential for such a path. The parameters are a shell index, which is a label used for feffNNNN.dat file name, a unique potential index ipot, identifying the unique potential of atom from which to scatter, the degeneracy, i.e., the multiplicity of this single scattering path, and the distance to central atom, rss. This could be used to add single scattering beyond the limits of a cluster. <tscreen> <verb> * index ipot deg rss SS 29 1 48 5.98 parameters for 19th shell of Cu </verb></tscreen> <label id="xan"><sect3><bf/XANES/ The XANES card is used when a calculation of the near edge structure including the atomic background and absolute energies are desired. The XANES calculation is limited to the (extended) continuum spectrum beyond the Fermi level. Thus bound states are not generally included; however, in molecules weakly bound states that are below vacuum but above the muffin-tin zero show up as resonances. The absolute energies are based on atomic total energy calculations using the Desclaux code; the accuracy of this approximation varies from a few eV to a few hundred eV for very large Z. No parameters are needed. Default: XANES not calculated. <sect2>Sometimes useful options for expert users <label id="afo"><sect3><bf/AFOLP/ This automatically overlaps all muffin-tins by about 10-30% to reduce the effects of potential discontinuities at the muffin-tins. It is useful in highly inhomogeneous materials. It works fairly well, but may fail in some cases. See FOLP for non-automatic version. <tscreen><verb> AFOLP use automatic maximum overlapping </verb></tscreen> <label id="fol"><sect3><bf/FOLP/ ipot folp The FOLP card sets a parameter which determines by what factor muffin-tin radii are overlapped. We recommend that the AFOLP card be used in cases with severe anisotropy, and FOLP only used for diagnostic purposes. <tscreen><verb> FOLP 1 1.1 (10% overlap of muffin tin of unique potential 1) </verb></tscreen> <label id="exc"><sect3><bf/EXCHANGE/ ixc vr0 vi0 The EXCHANGE card specifies the energy dependent exchange correlation potential to be used. (See also the <htmlurl url="#cor" name="CORRECTIONS"> card which is similar but allows the user to refine values of vr0 and vi0 after a calculation is completed.) The EXCHANGE card contains the index of the xc pot (ixc) and the constant imaginary part of the self-energy (vi0). The Hedin-Lundqvist self-energy (default) appears to be the best choice for all applications we have tested in detail. Partially nonlocal model gave better results for Cu metal, but was not tested on other materials. Broadened plasmon model removes singular behavior of HL self energy around plasmon frequency, and it is being tested too. Optionally one may use the Dirac-Hara exchange correlation potential and an appropriate imaginary potential vi0. This may be useful to correct FEFF's typical error of 2 eV (high) in the location of the Fermi level and to add instrumental broadening. The models with ixc greater or equal to 10 are still experimental. They need a special file (bphl.dat), which can be obtained from the authors. Defaults if EXCHANGE card is omitted: ixc=0 (Hedin-Lundquist), vr0=0.0 vi0=0.0. <descrip> <tag/ ixc values / <tscreen><verb> ixc=0: Hedin-Lundqvist + const imag part; ixc=1: Dirac-Hara + const imag part; ixc=2: ground state + const imag part; ixc=3: Dirac-Hara + HL imag part + const imag part; ixc=5: Partially nonlocal: Dirac-Fock for core + HL for valence electrons + const imag part; ixc=10: Same as ixc=0 with broadened plasmon HL model; ixc=13: Same as ixc=3 with broadened plasmon HL model; ixc=15: Same as ixc=5 with broadened plasmon HL model </verb></tscreen> <tag/ vi values / vi0 is (the negative of the) imaginary const shift </descrip> <tscreen><verb> *Hedin-Lundqvist -2eV edge shift and 1eV expt broadening EXCHANGE 0 2. 1. *Dirac-Hara exchange -3 eV edge shift and 5 eV inner potential EXCHANGE 1 3. 5. </verb></tscreen> <label id="ion"><sect3><bf/ION/ ipot ionization The ION card ionizes all atoms with atom type ipot. Negative values and non-integers are permitted (however, ionicities larger than 2 and less than -1 seems to be very unphysical). The ION card is used to ionize all atoms of a particular potential index. For example, for diatomics like Br2, the fully relaxed configuration has ionization=1 on the scattering atom. The ionization card should be used with caution; because of charge transfer, the actual degree of ionization is not directly related to the chemical valence. The default (non-ionized) scattering potentials are often superior to those empirically ionized, and the results should be checked both ways. Defaults if ION cards are omitted: atoms are not ionized. <tscreen> <verb> ION 1 0.87 ipot, ionization </verb></tscreen> <label id="ove"><sect3><bf/OVERLAP/ iph The OVERLAP card contains information needed to construct the overlapped atom potentials when atomic coordinates are not known or specified. If the atomic positions are listed following the ATOMS cards, the OVERLAP cards are probably not needed. The OVERLAP card contains the potential index of the atom being overlapped and must be followed by cards specifying the potential index, number of atoms of a given type to be overlapped and and their distance to the atom being overlapped. This option can be useful in crystals, especially for distant shells -- see sample input files for an example. It can also be useful for calculating single scattering XAFS in very complex materials where very little is known about the structure. You should verify that the coordination chemistry built in using the OVERLAP cards is realistic; it is important to specify all the close neighbors of a typical atom in the shell to be overlapped. The most important factor in determining the scattering amplitudes is the atomic number of the scatterer, but the coordination chemistry must be approximately correct to ensure good scattering potentials. Thus it is important to specify as accurately as possible the coordination environment of the scatterer. <tscreen> <verb> OVERLAP 4 determine overlap for 3rd shell of Cu 0 1 2.55266 ipot, number in shell, distance 1 4 2.55266 2 7 2.55266 2 6 3.61000 2 24 4.42133 </verb></tscreen> <label id="rgr"><sect3><bf/RGRID/ dpas The radial grid used for the potential and phase shift calculation is r(i) = exp (-8.8 + (i-1) * dpas), with dpas = 0.05. This is sufficient for almost everything. There are occasionally convergence problems in the background at very high energy (the background curves upward) and in calculating phase shifts at high energy for very large atoms. If the background at high energies is not monotonic or chi has unphysical oscillations, we suggest reducing the dpas to .03 or .01. It will solve these problems at the cost of longer computation times (time is proportional to 1/dpas**2). We have used this option for testing convergence. <label id="rph"><sect3><bf/RPHASES/ If this card is present, only real phase shifts (instead of the complex phase shifts) will be used. The results of the calculation will not be accurate. This option is intended to allow users to obtain real scattering phase shifts for use with other programs, or for diagnostic purposes. The phase shifts can be written to output files phaseXX.dat using the PRINT card. If the RPHASES card is present, these will be the real phase shifts. <label id="sg3"><sect3><bf/SIG3/ alphat Adds first and third cumulants based on anharmonic correlated Einstein model for single scattering paths. Alphat is a high temperature expansion coefficient. <sect2>Obscure Options <label id="ior"><sect3><bf/IORDER/ iord Order of the approximation to use in module GENFMT. We use order 2, which is correct to terms of order (1/pR)**2, and corresponds to 6x6 matrices. However, we do single scattering exactly. This approximation is accurate to within a few percent in every case we have tried (that is, higher order doesn't change the result more than a few percent). Changing the default values requires some familiarity with the Rehr-Albers paper and the structure of the module GENFMT. To do so, follow the instructions in subroutine SETLAM. Iord is passed to setlam for processing. You may need to change the code parameter lamtot if you want to do higher order calculations. This is another of the arcane cards that we have used for testing. For details of the algorithm used by GENFMT, see the paper by J.J.Rehr and R.C.Albers (see Appendix C, references). <label id="jum"><sect3><bf/JUMPRM/ Removes jumps in all potentials at muffin-tin radii. This should be used only for cases when unreasonably big oscillations in smooth atomic cross section occur (see XANES card). This card may introduce unphysical energy shifts so it should be used with caution. <label id="mbc"><sect3><bf/MBCONV/ The convolution with model excitation spectrum will be made. The model is based in atomic overlap S0**2 and atomic relaxation energy. Can be used to test the energy dependent S0**2. <label id="noh"><sect3><bf/NOHOLE/ What does it mean to do x-ray absorption if no x-ray was absorbed? Not much, but the code will do it if you want. We used this to test the final state rule for calculated XAFS, and to compare to some other calculations that did not use a core hole. The code will use the final state from the hole card for matrix element calculation -- the NOHOLE card says to calculate potentials, etc., as if there was no core hole. <sect> Run Control Options In addition to the CONTROL card and the FEFF options in feff.inp, some parameters in the files read by the various modules can be changed. For example, you can create your own paths by editing paths.dat and change explicit Debye-Waller factors in the final result by editing list.dat. Users may edit the some files as a quick and sometimes convenient way to prepare a given run. It is easiest to use an existing file as a template -- these files are read by a computer program that is fussy about what it receives. The files that can be used in this way are paths.dat and list.dat. <sect1>Paths.dat You can modify a path, or even invent new ones. For example, you could make a path to determine the effect of a focusing atom on a distant scatterer. Whatever index you enter for the path will be used in the filename given to the feffnnnn.dat file; i.e., for the choice, index = 845, the exafs parameters will appear in feff0845.dat. A handy way to add a single scattering path of length R is to make a 2-leg path with the central atom at (0, 0, 0) and the scatterer at (R, 0, 0). GENFMT will need the positions, unique potentials, and character tags for each atom in the path. The angles and leg lengths are printed out for your information, and you can omit them when creating your own paths by hand. The label lines in the file are required (there is code that skips them, and if they're missing, you'll get wrong results). <sect1>list.dat This is the list of files that ff2chi uses to calculate chi. It includes the paths written by module GENFMT, curved wave importance factors, and user-defined Debye-Waller factors. If you want to set Debye-Waller factors for individual paths, you may edit this file to set them. FF2CHI will sum the Debye-Waller factors in this file with the correlated Debye model sig2 and the global sig2, if present. You may also delete paths from this file if you want to combine some particular set of paths. (CAUTION: Save the original, or you'll have to re-run GENFMT!) <sect>Chapter 6: Output files <sect1>phase.bin This is a binary file with the scattering phase shifts for each unique potential. It is used by GENFMT and the pathfinder. <sect1>paths.dat Written by the pathfinder, this is a description of all the paths that fit the criteria used by the pathfinder. It is used by GENFMT. The path descriptions include cartesian coordinates of atoms in the path, scattering angles, leg lengths and degeneracy. For details on editing this by hand, see section 4. <sect1>crit.dat Values of the quantities tested against the various criteria in the pathfinder. <sect1>geom.dat Written by feff for use with the pathfinder, and deleted after use. It is an atom list created from the user-input list in feff.inp. For more information, see the NOGEOM card in section 4. <sect1>list.dat List of files to use to create chi.dat. Written by GENFMT when the xafs parameters are calculated and used by FF2CHI. This contains the curved wave importance ratios, which you may wish to study. For details on editing this by hand, see section 5. The curved wave importance ratios are the importance of a particular path relative to the most important path encountered so far in the calculation. If the first path is the most important in the problem, all the importance factors will be expressed as a fraction of that path. However, if the third path considered is the most important, and the first path is the next most important, path 1 will have a factor of 100%, path 2 will be a fraction of the first path's importance, path 3 will have an importance of 100% (since it is now the most important path), and subsequent paths will be expressed as a percent of path 3's importance. <sect1>chi.dat Standard xafs data k, chi(k), |chi(k)| relative to threshold (k=0): The header also contains enough information to specify what model was used to create this file. <sect1>feff.bin A binary file that contains all the information about the XAFS from all of the paths. This replaces the old feffNNNN.dat files (which you can make using the PRINT card). If you want to use this file with your own analysis package, use the code in subroutine feffdt as an example of how to read it. <sect1>feffNNNN.dat You have to use PRINT option to obtain these files. Effective scattering amplitude and phase shift data, with k referenced to threshold for shell nn: k, phi_c, |feff|, ph(feff), redfac, lambda, Re(p) If you need these, use PRINT option for ff2chi greater than 3, which will read feff.bin and write the feffNNNN.dat files in exactly the form you're used to. <sect1>Diagnostic files from POTPH <descrip> <tag/ misc.dat / Header file for quick reference. <tag/ phaseNN.dat / Complex phase shifts for each shell. <tag/ phminNN.dat / Real part of phase shifts for l=0,1,2 only. <tag/ potNN.dat / Detailed atomic potentials and densities. <tag/ atomNN.dat / Diagnostic information on Desclaux free atom NN. </descrip> <sect1>xsect.bin, rkk.bin and xmu.dat files Dipole matrix elements and absolute energies for XANES calculations. Note: the file xsect.bin does not contain the fermi-function cutoff at the edge, while xmu.dat does. Dipole matrix elements in rkk.bin normalized to the total cross-section in xsect.bin. The file xmu.dat contains both XANES and XAFS data mu, mu_0, and chi as functions of absolute energy E, relative energy E-e_f and wave number k. <sect1>Variables in output files and in calculation of XAFS <descrip> <tag/ k / wave number (ang**-1); <tt>k=sqrt(e-e_f)</tt> where <tt>e</tt> is energy and <tt>e_f</tt> is the fermi level computed from electron gas theory at the avg interstitial charge density <tag/ chi(k) / <tt>s0ˆ2 * redfac sum_shells ( natsh * (|feff| /kR**2) * exp(-2R/lambda) * sin(2kR + ph(feff) + phi_c)) * exp(-2*k**2*sigma**2) )</tt> <tag/ phi_c / <tt> 2*delta_l_c - l*pi </tt> (total central atom phase) <tag/ feff / effective curved-wave backscattering amplitude <tt>feff(k)</tt> in xafs formula for each shell <tag/ ph(feff) / phase of <tt>feff(k)</tt> for each shell <tag/ redfac / <tt>exp(-2 imag (delta_c) )</tt>, total central atom loss factor <tag/ R / distance to central atom for each shell <tag/ natsh / mean number atoms in each shell <tag/ sigma**2 / mean square variation of <tt>R</tt> for each shell <tag/ lambda / mean free path (angstroms) <tt>=-1./imag (p)</tt> <tag/ kf / fermi momentum at avg interstitial charge density <tag/ p=p(r) / local momentum (<tt>p(r)**2=k**2+kf(r)**2+sigma-sigma_f)</tt> <tag/ sigma / self energy at energy <tt>e, sigma_f</tt> at energy <tt>e_f</tt> <tag/ mu / total absorption cross-section <tag/ mu_0 / atomic background absorption </descrip> <sect>Appendix A. Copyright Information, Restrictions and License <sect1>Restrictions and License Information Feff is copyrighted software and a license from the University of Washington Office of Technology Transfer must be obtained for its use. This is necessary to protect the interests of users and the University of Washington. Both academic/non-profit and commercial licenses are available - see the addendum to this document for details. New users should request the latest version of this code from the authors. The license may be obtained by writing to FEFF Project, c/o Diana Jensen, Dept. of Physics, FM-15, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. Tel: (206) 685-4091, E-mail: jensen@phys.washington.edu <sect1>ADDENDUM: Government Copyrights (DO NOT DELETE) This work was supported in part by DOE Grant DE-FG06-90ER45416. In accordance with the DOE FAR rules part 600.33 "Rights in Technical Data - Modified Short Form" the following clause applies to FEFF: (c)(1)The grantee agrees to and does hereby grant to the U.S. Government and to others acting on its behalf: (i) A royalty-free, nonexclusive, irrevocable, world-wide license for Governmental purposes to reproduce, distribute, display, and perform all copyrightable material first produced or composed in the performance of this grant by the grantee, its employees or any individual or concern specifically employed or assigned to originate and prepare such material and to prepare derivative works based thereon, (ii) A license as aforesaid under any and all copyrighted or copyrightable work not first produced or composed by the grantee in the performance of this grant but which is incorporated in the material furnished under the grant, provided that such license shall be only to the extent the grantee now has, or prior to completion or close-out of the grant, may acquire the right to grant such license without becoming liable to pay compensation to others solely because of such grant. (c)(2) The grantee agrees that it will not knowingly include any material copyrighted by others in any written or copyrightable material furnished or delivered under this grant without a license as provided for in paragraph (c)(1)(ii) of this section, or without the consent of the copyright owner, unless it obtains specific written approval of the Contracting Officer for the inclusion of such copyright material. <sect>Appendix B. Installation Instructions The program FEFF7 is provided as a single source file, which contains a main program and all necessary subroutines. Simply compile and link on your system using a Fortran 77 compiler and your usual linker. The executable file produced is all you will need. The code requires about 3 megabytes to run on a VAX. Since most of this memory is data space, we expect it to require about this amount of memory on most machines. PC users, please see section below about DOS machines. <sect1>UNIX machines We have endeavored to make FEFF portable to most UNIX machines without any modification. If your machine does not reproduce the test output files chi.dat and feffNNNN.dat to high accuracy, some changes may be needed. Please report any problems or warning messages to the authors, as this will help us achieve full portability. If changes are needed, keep in mind the following points: Floating point calculations must be done to precision 64 bits. Thus the code uses double precision variables throughout, i.e., real*8 for real numbers and complex*16 for complex numbers. If your machine uses 8 bytes for single precision floating point numbers (for example, Crays and some CDC machines), use the compiler option to ignore double precision statements in the code. This option is available (in various forms) on all Cray and CDC machines that we have seen. On the CRAY YMP at Ohio State, the compiler option to ignore double precision in the source code is <tscreen><verb> cf77 -c -Wf"-dp" </verb></tscreen> Code is written in ANSI FORTRAN 77, except that COMPLEX*16 variables are required. Since data type COMPLEX*16 is not part of the ANSI standard, minor compiler-dependent modification may be necessary. We have used the VAX extensions to ANSI FORTRAN 77 since they seem to be the most portable. The non-standard statements and intrinsic functions used are: COMPLEX*16 variables and arrays; DIMAG(arg) returns a double precision imaginary part of arg; DCMPLX(arg) returns a complex*16 version of arg; DBLE(arg) returns a double precision real part of arg; SQRT, EXP, ABS and other generic math functions are assumed to accept complex*16 arguments and return double precision or complex*16 results. Files are opened with the OPEN statement. As the ANSI definition gives some leeway in how the OPEN statement interacts with the operating system, we have chosen file names and conventions that work on UNIX, VAX/VMS, IBM PCs (and clones) with MS FORTRAN, CRAY, MAC's and and CDC machines. It may be necessary to modify the open statements on other systems. <sect1>PC users Because of the awkwardness of DOS, many users do not have FORTRAN compilers and many of those compilers are difficult to use with large codes. An executable version of FEFF for PCs is available. It has been compiled using Watcom's FORTRAN77 compiler which works with a DOS extender (DOS4GW) to use extended memory. You will need a PC with either a 386 and 387 math coprocessor or a 486 with the math coprocessor embedded in it (SX does not have this, DX does). You will also need at least 3 Megabytes of RAM available, IN ADDITION TO whatever memory is used by DOS and memory-resident utilities. Please contact us if you need the PC executable. Special installation instructions for the PC version are in the READ.ME file on the PC distribution disk. If you prefer your own compiler, or are using an operating system other than DOS, simply compile the source code using your FORTRAN compiler and linker as you would for any other machine. <sect1>MAC users Diskettes with an executable version of FEFF for Macintosh computers are available. Please contact us if you need a copy. <sect1>NeXT users <tscreen><verb> F. Farges compiled FEFF with absoft's f77 for a NeXT. Make sure that the following options are on: f77 -N53 -f -s -O feff.f -f makes f77 insensitive to upper and lower cases (triml bwords and istln) -s makes a code for units larger than 512 K -N53 uses the 68030/68040 processors with 68881/2 math coproc. -O is the standard optimization option for all f77 </verb></tscreen> <sect>Appendix C. References Please cite at least one of the following articles if FEFF is used in published work. <descrip> <tag/ The main references to FEFF 7 are / A.L. Ankudinov and J.J. Rehr, ``Relativistic Spin-dependent X-ray Absorption Theory'', UW preprint, 1996. S.I. Zabinsky, J.J. Rehr, A. Ankudinov, R.C. Albers and M.J. Eller, ``Multiple Scattering Calculations of X-ray Absorption Spectra'', Phys. Rev. B. 52, 2995 (1995). A. L. Ankoudinov, Ph. D. Thesis, ``Relativistic Spin-dependent X-ray Absorption Theory'', University of Washington, (1996). There you can find a review of x-ray absorption theory, a whole chapter of information about FEFF7 for expert users, examples of the code applications, and a full list of the FEFF7 program tree. <tag/ Other references are: / <tag/ 1) Multiple scattering XAFS / J.J. Rehr, S.I. Zabinsky and R.C. Albers, <it/High-order multiple scattering calculations of x-ray-absorption fine structure/, <bf/Phys. Rev. Let. 69/, 3397 (1992). <tag/ 2) X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) / J.J. Rehr, <bf/Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 32/, 8 (1993). <tag/ 3) FEFF standards / J.J. Rehr, J. Mustre de Leon, S.I. Zabinsky, and R.C. Albers, <it/Theoretical X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Standards/, <bf/J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113/, 5135 (1991). <tag/ 4) Technical reference #1 / J. Mustre de Leon, J.J. Rehr, S.I. Zabinsky, and R.C. Albers, <it/Ab initio curved-wave x-ray-absorption fine structure/, <bf/Phys. Rev. B44/, 4146 (1991). <tag/ 5) Technical reference #2 / J.J. Rehr and R.C. Albers, <it/Scattering-matrix formulation of curved-wave multiple-scattering theory: Application to x-ray-absorption fine structure/, <bf/Phys. Rev. B41/, 8139 (1990). <tag/ 6) Technical reference #3 / A.L.Ankudinov, S.I.Zabinsky and J.J. Rehr, <it/Single configuration Dirac-Fock atom code /, submitted to <bf/Comp. Phys. Comm./, (1996). </descrip> <sect>Appendix D. Sample input files <sect1>SF6 Molecule <tscreen><verb> TITLE Molecular SF6 POTENTIALS * ipot z tag 0 16 S absorbing atom must be unique pot 0 1 9 F ATOMS * x y z ipot 0 0 0 0 S absorber 1.56 0 0 1 6 F backscatters 0 1.56 0 1 0 0 1.56 1 -1.56 0 0 1 0 -1.56 0 1 0 0 -1.56 1 </verb></tscreen> <sect1>Cu fcc metal, 4 shells <tscreen><verb> TITLE Cu crystal, 4 shells DEBYE 190 315 Cu at 190K, Debye temp 315K (Ashcroft & Mermin) * Cu is fcc, lattice parameter a=3.61 (Kittel) POTENTIALS 0 29 Cu0 1 29 Cu ATOMS .0000 .0000 .0000 0 shell 0 .0000 -1.8050 -1.8050 .0000 1 shell 1 2.5527 -1.8050 1.8050 .0000 1 1.8050 -1.8050 .0000 1 1.8050 1.8050 .0000 1 -1.8050 .0000 -1.8050 1 -1.8050 .0000 1.8050 1 1.8050 .0000 -1.8050 1 1.8050 .0000 1.8050 1 .0000 -1.8050 -1.8050 1 .0000 -1.8050 1.8050 1 .0000 1.8050 -1.8050 1 .0000 1.8050 1.8050 1 -3.6100 .0000 .0000 1 shell 2 3.6100 3.6100 .0000 .0000 1 .0000 -3.6100 .0000 1 .0000 3.6100 .0000 1 .0000 .0000 -3.6100 1 .0000 .0000 3.6100 1 -3.6100 -1.8050 -1.8050 1 shell 3 4.4213 -3.6100 -1.8050 1.8050 1 -3.6100 1.8050 -1.8050 1 -3.6100 1.8050 1.8050 1 3.6100 -1.8050 -1.8050 1 3.6100 -1.8050 1.8050 1 3.6100 1.8050 -1.8050 1 3.6100 1.8050 1.8050 1 -1.8050 -3.6100 -1.8050 1 -1.8050 -3.6100 1.8050 1 -1.8050 3.6100 -1.8050 1 -1.8050 3.6100 1.8050 1 1.8050 -3.6100 -1.8050 1 1.8050 -3.6100 1.8050 1 1.8050 3.6100 -1.8050 1 1.8050 3.6100 1.8050 1 -1.8050 -1.8050 -3.6100 1 -1.8050 -1.8050 3.6100 1 -1.8050 1.8050 -3.6100 1 -1.8050 1.8050 3.6100 1 1.8050 -1.8050 -3.6100 1 1.8050 -1.8050 3.6100 1 1.8050 1.8050 -3.6100 1 1.8050 1.8050 3.6100 1 -3.6100 -3.6100 .0000 1 shell 4 5.1053 -3.6100 3.6100 .0000 1 3.6100 -3.6100 .0000 1 3.6100 3.6100 .0000 1 -3.6100 .0000 -3.6100 1 -3.6100 .0000 3.6100 1 3.6100 .0000 -3.6100 1 3.6100 .0000 3.6100 1 .0000 -3.6100 -3.6100 1 .0000 -3.6100 3.6100 1 .0000 3.6100 -3.6100 1 .0000 3.6100 3.6100 1 </verb></tscreen> <sect1>YBCO High-Tc superconductor <tscreen><verb> TITLE YBCO: Y BA2 CU3 O7 Cu2, core hole CONTROL 1 1 1 1 PRINT 0 2 0 0 RMAX 4.5 XANES POTENTIALS * ipot z tag 0 29 Cu2 1 8 O 2 39 Y 3 29 Cu1 4 56 Ba ATOMS 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0 CU2 0.0000 1.9115 0.0000 0.2453 1 O 1.9272 -1.9115 0.0000 0.2453 1 O 1.9272 0.0000 1.9430 0.2687 1 O 1.9615 0.0000 -1.9430 0.2687 1 O 1.9615 0.0000 0.0000 -2.3128 1 O 2.3128 1.9115 -1.9430 1.6821 2 Y 3.2029 -1.9115 1.9430 1.6821 2 Y 3.2029 -1.9115 -1.9430 1.6821 2 Y 3.2029 1.9115 1.9430 1.6821 2 Y 3.2029 0.0000 0.0000 3.3641 3 CU1 3.3641 1.9115 -1.9430 -2.0091 4 BA 3.3861 -1.9115 1.9430 -2.0091 4 BA 3.3861 -1.9115 -1.9430 -2.0091 4 BA 3.3861 1.9115 1.9430 -2.0091 4 BA 3.3861 0.0000 1.9430 3.0955 1 O 3.6547 0.0000 -1.9430 3.0955 1 O 3.6547 -1.9115 0.0000 3.1188 1 O 3.6580 1.9115 0.0000 3.1188 1 O 3.6580 3.8230 0.0000 0.0000 3 CU1 3.8230 -3.8230 0.0000 0.0000 3 CU1 3.8230 0.0000 3.8860 0.0000 3 CU1 3.8860 0.0000 -3.8860 0.0000 3 CU1 3.8860 0.0000 0.0000 -4.1584 3 CU1 4.1584 -3.8230 -1.9430 0.2687 1 O 4.2968 3.8230 1.9430 0.2687 1 O 4.2968 3.8230 -1.9430 0.2687 1 O 4.2968 -3.8230 1.9430 0.2687 1 O 4.2968 1.9115 3.8860 0.2453 1 O 4.3376 1.9115 -3.8860 0.2453 1 O 4.3376 -1.9115 3.8860 0.2453 1 O 4.3376 -1.9115 -3.8860 0.2453 1 O 4.3376 </verb></tscreen> <sect>Appendix E. Code Variables, Dimensions and Descriptions The end of line comments were removed from the code because they are not standard Fortran. The array names are a bit cryptic due to the six character limit in standard FORTRAN -- the comments included here explain what the names mean. If you need to run larger problems than the dimension statements in the code allow, simply change the dimensions in all the relevant parameter statements and recompile. However, dimensions associated with the atom and phase shift codes, e.g. the number of r-mesh points and the max number of angular momentum levels should NOT be changed. If you need to modify the code, please contact the authors. Our development version with all the comments (and subroutines in individual files!) is available, although it does use a few features that are not standard FORTRAN. We do not guarantee that any new version will be compatible at the code level with any changes you may make. <sect>Appendix F. Changes from previous versions <sect1> Changes from FEFF 6 The most significant change is that LDA atomic code was replaced by Dirac-Fock code. FEFF 7 includes both dipole transitions (l----> l +/-- 1). The changes have been made for the following cards: <descrip> <tag/ PRINT / FEFF 7.00 will write files phminNN.dat, whenever phaseNN.dat is written, which has real part of phase shifts for l=0,1,2. So, they have reduced information of corresponding phaseNN.dat, which is conveniently arranged in columns for plotting. <tag/ XANES / If XANES card is specified, then core hole lifetime is taken into account by convolution with Lorentzian in ff2chi. Otherwise, core hole life time is included into imaginary part of optical potential, as in FEFF 6.10. Minor differences for chi.dat files calculated by two methods in XANES region are expected. The FEFF7 code includes a fully relativistic calculation of atomic cross section. <tag/ EXCHANGE / New self energy models are available: a) broadened plasmon model (ixc \gt 10) and b) partly nonlocal model (ixc=5) which calculates for the photoelectron DF exchange term for core electrons and LDA exchange-correlation for valence electrons. Core-valence separation can be easily changed in getorb.f. New expert user only cards are introduced: <tag/ MBCONV / Makes convolution with model excitation spectrum. <tag/ JUMPRM / Removes jumps in potentials at muffin tin radii. </descrip> Also, we made several adjustments to fix some minor problems reported by FEFF users. <sect1> Changes from FEFF 5.04 We have made some minor changes to the input files and code. For complete descriptions of the new cards and modifications of old ones, see section III. With the exception of POLARIZATION and XANES capabilities, and improved path finder and degeneracy checks, FEFF 6 is nearly identical to FEFF5. Two cards are no longer recognized. These are: <itemize> <item> KLIMIT (replaced by NEMAX) <item> REQUIRE <item> CSIG Code now always uses complex momentum in Debye-Waller factors </itemize> There are several changes and new options. These are: <descrip> <tag/ CORRECTIONS / Adds real and imaginary part to energy <tag/ CRITERIA / The importance criteria are now formulated differently <tag/ NEMAX / Max number of energy grid points (replaces KLIMIT) <tag/ PCRITERIA / The path finder criteria are now formulated differently <tag/ PRINT / Several new options <tag/ POTENTIALS / Now has optional labels for unique potentials </descrip> XANES spectra, absolute energies and Atomic Background absorption can be calculated with the new option <descrip> <tag/ XANES / For now, please, do not use chiNNNN.dat or feffNNNN.dat files for EXAFS analysis (such as feffit), when XANES card is used. </descrip> Polarization dependent feff can be calculated with the help of the following new cards: <descrip> <tag/ POLARIZATION / Specifies polarization vector <tag/ ELLIPTICITY / Ellipticity and direction of the incident beam for the elliptical polarization. </descrip> FEFF 6.10 adds several new cards, uses a slightly finer k grid internally, and replaces the feff.dat files with one feff.bin to speed execution and reduce disk space. <sect>Appendix G. Trouble-shooting FEFF problems FEFF 7 has been extensively tested but occasionally new bugs show up. In an effort to maintain trouble-free codes we take all bug reports seriously. Often we receive reports by users of older versions of FEFF of bugs that are fixed in the latest releases. Other code failures can often be traced to input file errors, sometimes quite subtle. An example would be: <itemize> <item>Non-physical widely spaced distributions of atoms. Symptoms of this common problem are very large muffin-tin radii (see the header of any .dat file) and possibly a failure of the phase-shift program to converge. This gives error message "hard test fails in fovrg". <item> An error in assigning potential indices; the first atom with a given potential index must have the geometry representative of this potential type. This is sometimes fixed by using a somewhat larger cluster; in fact it is usually desirable to have a larger cluster for potential construction than that used in the XAFS calculation due to errors in the potentials at surfaces. Unless the atom distribution is physically possible, you can expect the code to have problems. <item> Hash collision in pathfinder. This is rare, but can be corrected simply by changing distances in the fourth decimal place. <item> For the M4 and higher edges you may receive the error message like: "Lambda array overfilled". The calculations should be repeated with IORDER -70202 card. </itemize> <sect1>FEFF Bug and Error Report If, after you have verified that your input file is not the problem, the problem persists, please contact us at the e-mail addresses listed in Sec. 1. To address your problem, we need the following information: <enum> <item> Brief description of problem. <item> Code, Version number, type of computer and compiler (e.g., FEFF5 version 5.03, IBM PC, F77) <item> Unedited input file causing problem <tt/feff.inp/ <item> Sample output (e.g. <tt/chi.dat/) or log file illustrating problem. <item> Send e-mail to one of the authors (i.e. alex or <it/ jjr@phys.washington.edu/). </enum> </article>